Author: andoverscienceandtechreview

Biology

Teaching Climate Change Through Justice and Systems Thinking in Mr. Mackinson’s SCI410

By Daniel Liu '28 Brendan Mackinson, Instructor in Science, has spent several years shaping SCI410: Environmental Science, Global Climate Change into a course that blends rigorous scientific inquiry with ethical reflection and interdisciplinary thinking. Drawing on his background in environmental studies, oceanography, and earth system science, Mackinson has crafted a curriculum that asks students to engage climate change not just as a scientific problem, but as a human and systemic one.  “This course was right in my wheelhouse in terms of areas of interest,” Mackinson said. “I was excited to have the opportunity to teach it… I’ve been teaching it for several years now and have had a chance to design it in a way that matches what I’m interested in.” SCI410 departs from the st...
Technology

AI Isn’t Magic

By Ellie Su ’28 Artificial Intelligence (AI) often is so advanced that it may appear sentient. Robots speak using human speech patterns; driverless vehicles motor through busy roads; programs create paintings, essays, or compositions in a fraction of a second. For some, these are magical feats, indicators that machines are developing minds of their own. However, this notion is incorrect. AI isn't alive or sentient. It doesn't think, feel, or know things as we do. Instead, AI is a product of human intelligence and consists of mathematical systems used to recognize complex patterns at extremely high speeds. Understanding this fact is essential to determining how society deploys and regulates AI. Artificial Intelligence at Its Foundations: Algorithms, Data, and Probability ...
Biology, Medicine

Ozempic, Wegovy, and Their Promise for Treating Alcohol-Use Disorder

By Carolyn Cao ’28 Over the past few years, Ozempic and Wegovy have become incredibly popular, being used as a “short-cut” for weight loss with prominent public figures like Elon Musk and Andy Cohen promoting it. Though Ozempic and Wegovy were originally created to help treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, new studies indicate that there may be some unintended positive benefits; both may reduce alcohol cravings in people with Alcohol Use Disorder, or AUD. Ozempic and Wegovy work via their active ingredient, semaglutide, which is highly similar to natural hormone GLP-1, having over 90% sequence homology. (GLP-1 regulates appetite and insulin production in the body.) Due to this  structural similarity, semaglutide functions in the human body just like GLP-1: it acts as a GLP-1 ...
Biology, Medicine

Therapy Dogs Bring Healing and Comfort to the Emergency Room

By Ellie Su ’28 A recent study showcased the impressive capacity of therapy dogs to calm anxiety within stressful emergency room environments. In a recent publication, the presence of therapy dogs decreased the anxiety of both children and parents in pediatric emergency departments. In a recent publication led by senior health investigator Jessica Chubak and colleagues, nearly half of the patients who interacted with therapy dogs observed a substantial diminishment of anxiety, and more than 40% of participants reported a significant improvement in general well-being (Chubak et al., 2024). Though the concept of bringing therapy dogs directly into medical settings may sound unorthodox, science tells us there are strong biological and psychological factors at work. How T...
Medicine

The (Near) Future of Public Health

By Nandini Sharma ’29 According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, “in early 2025, Texas recorded over 760 measles cases and two child deaths, marking the state's worst outbreak in 30 years”. Yes, measles, a disease that was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000, has become a cataclysmic presence 25 years later. Simultaneously, in April, the CDC, once America’s health watchdog, announced $2.9 billion in cuts – nearly a third of its funding. Neither of these events are isolated incidents. The nation’s public health framework is being eroded by budget cuts, misinformation, and political division, leaving Americans at impending risk. January 20, 2025 marked a turning point in American society’s approach to public health. With President Donald Trump takin...
Biology

Reviving the Woolly Mammoth Through Mice

By Alyssa Gu ’28 Contrary to popular belief, woolly mammoths, the famous prehistoric behemoths, coexisted with human beings for thousands of years and only became extinct around 4,000 years ago. The possibility of bringing back woolly mammoths from extinction has become more realistic thanks to recent scientific advances and discoveries of the mammoths’ well-preserved remains. Woolly mammoths had a profound impact on the environment during their existence in the Arctic Tundra. They prevented the spread of trees and tall plants with their heavy footsteps, allowing grasses and shorter vegetation to thrive; these grasslands were more carbon-absorbent than their forest and wetland counterparts. As a result, mammoths’ movements across the landscape maintained and promoted biodiversity. ...
Astronomy, Physics

Lonely Giants: Rogue Planets in a Dark World

By Muaz Reza ’27 When we think of planets in the solar system, one vivid image comes to mind: multicolored spheres arranged in neat circular orbits around one flaming sun. However, many other planets occupy a less conventional reality. Within our universe are worlds – named ‘rogue planets’ – untethered to stars. They drift alone in the darkness, with no sunset or sunrise to illuminate their horizons, and their existence and origins stretch our current understanding of all celestial objects. A rogue planet, as NASA explains, is any body that is not gravitationally bound to a star. Some of these objects may have once belonged to a solar system, but were subsequently ejected through one of a variety of methods. For example, early phases of solar system formation can be turbulent enough ...
Biology, Medicine

An Introduction to Stem Cells: Why Are They So Important?

By Grace Zheng ’28 What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are one of the most fascinating types of cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells, which do not have a specific function or any specialized structures. They are essential for growth, repair, and regeneration. Stem cells have the ability to develop, or differentiate, into specialized cells, and they can also reproduce themselves. This plethora of unique abilities is the reason why stem cells are a very popular topic of research among today’s medical scientists. Stem Cell Classifications In biology, differentiation is when unspecialized cells become specialized for a specific purpose. For example, an undifferentiated stem cell could differentiate into a skin cell. Therefore, stem cells can be classified by their differentiati...
Biology

Humans Are The Biggest Threat to Frog Biodiversity

By Eric Yang ’28 Amphibian species are today considered by biologists at Harvard the vertebrate class most threatened by the onslaught of climate change and various other factors, with 2 out of every 5 amphibians facing extinction. Climate change, a largely man-made crisis, is the main culprit for these problems, particularly its role in creating devastating droughts. With so much land and potential frog habitats being destroyed in favor of agriculture, frogs and other amphibians are already contending with limited space and resources to survive. Droughts are especially catastrophic, as frogs need to stay moist in order to absorb water and thus the oxygen they need to breathe. However, oxygen intake through a frog’s skin is equally useless if the body of water a frog occupies doesn’t...
Medicine, Technology

How AI Research Tools Are Transforming Scientific Research

By Theo Phan ’26 In recent years, the rapid adoption of AI-powered research tools—such as Perplexity, Thesify, Gemini, and ChatGPT, Claude—has profoundly reshaped the landscape of medical research. Once a painstakingly slow and manual process, scientific inquiry is now moving faster and more dynamically than ever before, aided by technologies that assist in everything from literature review to hypothesis generation and data analysis. The proliferation of these tools across the scientific community stems from a common promise: to streamline the most time-consuming aspects of research without sacrificing academic quality. Tools like Perplexity and Thesify help researchers find, summarize, and contextualize findings from relevant scientific literature for any specific scientific researc...